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誰能幫我列舉壹下有哪些常用的可數的抽象名詞?

下面的資料幾乎全面講述了可數名詞和不可數名詞,對於高中生,相信會收獲頗豐的。

名詞是表示人或物的名稱的詞,可分為普通名詞和專有名詞兩大類。普通名詞由表示某壹類人或物的個體的個體名詞、表示由若幹個體組成的集合體的集體名詞、表示無法分為個體的實物的物質名詞、以及表示性質、行為、狀態、感情等抽象概念的抽象名詞組成;專有名詞則是個人、地方、機構、組織等所專有的名稱。

1.1 可數名詞與不可數名詞(Countable nouns and uncountable nouns)

從詞的形式來看,英語名詞分為可數名詞與不可數名詞。可數與不可數是英語名詞的最基本類別。壹般說來,個體名詞是可數名詞;物質名詞、抽象名詞和專有名詞是不可數名詞;集體名詞則有的可數, 有的不可數。

1.1.1 可數名詞與不可數名詞(Countable nouns and uncountable nouns)

a. 可數名詞有單、復數形式,單數形式可用a/ an; 不可數名詞沒有復數形式,單數形式前不用a/ an,但可用the或不用。例如:

Tom is a little boy.

There are 20 boys in our class.

Fish and poultry are usually not called meat.

I'll pay for the meat.

b. 名詞的數影響句子中與之有關的謂語動詞、限定詞等。例如:

There are many/ some/ a lot of/ (a) few people in the park.

There are not many/ any people in the park.

There is much/ some/ a lot of/ (a) little/ a great deal of/ a fair

amount of water.

There is not much/ any water.

c. 下列名詞常用作不可數名詞:

accommodation, advice, baggage, behavior, bread, cash, cloth,clothing, coal, equipment, fun, furniture, grass, harm, information, ink, knowledge, labour, laughter, leisure, luck, lightning, living, luggage, machinery, meat, money, news, paper, permission,

popularity, progress, rice, scenery, soap, sugar, tea, traffic, travel, trouble, thunder, weather, work等。

1.1.2 可數名詞與不可數名詞之間的相互轉化(Conversion of uncountable into countable and countable into uncountable) 可數名詞與不可數名詞在壹定條件下可以相互轉化。

a. 物質名詞壹般是不可數的,但用來表示具體、個別事物,或表示各種不同品種時,通常是可數的,如different coffees,

various soaps。再看以下例子:

Do you care for tea?

Long-jing is a well-known tea.

We were not allowed to buy wine at lunch time.

I like wines.

b. 抽象名詞壹般是不可數的,但當它前後有修飾語表示"某壹種"或"某壹方面"的抽象概念時,其前可加a/ an。例如:

A good map would be a help.

It was a relief to sit down.

He had a good knowledge of mathematics.

c. 某些物質名詞或抽象名詞用作復數時,詞義往往起變化。例如:

Light(光)travels faster than sound.

The lights(燈)are on.

He is a teacher of five years' experience(經驗).

He is relating to us his experiences(經歷)as an explorer.

d. 有些集體名詞,如audience, committee, class, couple, crew,

family, team, government, jury, party, public等,既可作單數,

又可作復數。把集體視為壹個整體時,用作單數;指該集體

的各個成員時,用作復數。例如:

The audience is enormous.

The audience are enjoying every minute of the play.

His family is small.

My family are all doctors.

1.2 復數(Plural)

1.2.1 英語名詞的復數構成(Formation of the plural of English nouns)

a. 英語可數名詞的規則復數形式,是在詞尾加-s。例如:

desks, maps, lakes, workers, fields, days, miles, pages, horses

b. 如詞尾為ch, sh, ss或x,在詞尾加-es。例如:

church→churches, bush→bushes, class→classes, box→boxes

c. 如詞尾為-f或-fe,壹般變為-ves; 有的加-s即可;而有的

則既可變為-ves,又可只加-s。例如:

calf→calves, half→halves, knife→knives, leaf→leaves,

life→lives, loaf→loaves, self→selves, shelf→shelves,

thief→thieves, wife→wives, wolf→wolves;

belief→beliefs, chief→chiefs, roof→roofs, safe→safes,

handkerchief→handkerchiefs;

hoof→hooves/ hoofs, scarf→scarves/ scarfs,

wharf→wharves/ wharfs

d. 如詞尾為-y,則變y為i,再加-es。例如:

party→parties, factory→factories, family→families

e. 如詞尾為o,有的加-es;有的加-s;有的則既可加-es,又可只加-s。例如:

echo→echoes, hero→heroes, potato→potatoes,

tomato→tomatoes;

radio→radios, piano→pianos, photo→photos, zoo→zoos;

buffalo→buffalo(e)s, cargo→cargo(e)s, mosquito→mosquito(e)s,

volcano→volcano(e)s

f. 表示字母、數字及其它詞類的復數時,詞尾常加-'s,有時只加-s。例如:

Her J's look like T's.

Since the beginning of the 90's, the town has changed a lot.

Don't interrupt me with your buts.

g. 壹些不規則變化的名詞復數形式:

child→children, foot→feet, goose→geese, man→men,mouse→mice, ox→oxen, tooth→teeth, woman→women

h. 有些以-s結尾的名詞通常只有復數形式:

scissors, goods, trousers, clothes, pants, spectacles;belongings, findings, savings, surroundings;contents, mumps, measles, stairs

i. 有些集體名詞用作復數:

cattle, police, people, militia, poultry

1.2.2 源自希臘文或拉丁文的外來詞(Words of Greek or Latin origin)

壹些外來詞有以下的復數變化形式:

a. 詞尾-is變成-es: analysis→analyses, basis→bases,crisis→crises

b. 詞尾-um變成-a:

curriculum(課程)→curricula, datum(資料,數據)→data, medium(媒體)→media

c. 詞尾-on變成-a:

criterion(標準)→criteria/ criterions , phenomenon→phenomena

d. 詞尾-us變成-i:

nucleus→nuclei, stimulus→stimuli, syllabus(教學大綱)→syllabi

e. 詞尾-a變成-ae:

antenna(天線)→antennae/ antennas,

formula(準則,公式)→formulae

f. 詞尾-ix/ -ex變成-ices:

appendix(附錄)→appendices, index(索引)→indices/ indexes

1.2.3 具有兩種不同意義的復數形式(Two forms of the plural with

differentiated meaning)

有些名詞的復數具有兩種不同意思,壹個與單數的意思相同,另壹個則為別的意思。例如:

arms手臂(復數);武器

customs習慣(復數);關稅

minutes 分鐘(復數);記錄

1.2.4 單數形式(Singular form)

a. 有的名詞單復數同形:

Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, means, series, species,以及jin

(斤)、li(裏)、yuan(元)等漢語譯名。例如:

one sheep/ two sheep

b. 有些以-s結尾的學科名詞或國名,作單數用:

phonetics(語音學),physics,optics(光學),politics;

the United States, the United Nations, the Netherlands等。

c. 有些和數詞連用的名詞,表示復數時仍保持單數形式:

a ten-pound baby, a twelve-foot pole, two dozen eggs,

three million dollars

1.2.5 復合名詞(Compound nouns)

a. 句法復合名詞的復數形式:

1)詞尾加-s: bedrooms, bookcases

2)前後兩個名詞均需變為復數:

manservant→menservants, woman doctor→women doctors

3)少數復合名詞可在第壹或第二個詞後加-s:

attorney general→attorneys general/ attorney generals

4)名詞後加-s:

looker-on→lookers-on, son-in-law→sons-in-law

5)詞尾加-s: grown-up→grown-ups,sit-in→sit-ins

6)動詞-ing形式後加-s: coming-in→comings-in

b. 銜頭、稱謂的復數形式:

the two Browns, Drs.William and Henry Brown

1.3 單位名詞(Unit nouns)

單位名詞用來表示不可數名詞的個體性,即使之能以個數計算;也能與可數名詞搭配表示"壹雙","壹群"等意義。除了搭配能力很強的piece和bit以外,還有表示形狀、容積、重量以及表示成雙、成群的單位名詞。例如:

a piece/ bit of advice/ bread/ information/ news;

a bar of chocolate/ a cake of soap/ a loaf of bread/ a pack of cigarettes;

a bag of flour/ a basket of fruit/ a pound of butter/ a yard of fabric;

a couple of players/ a flock of birds/ a pair of shoes/ a swarm of bees等。

1.4 名詞屬格(Genitive nouns)

英語名詞有兩種屬格:-'s屬格和of-屬格。例如:

What is the school's name?

What is the name of the school?

1.4.1 -'s屬格和of-屬格(-s genitive and of genitive)

a. 兩種屬格表示的意義

1)所有關系:

Mr Brown's suitcase (相當於Mr Brown has a suitcase.)

the trunk of an elephant (相當於An elephant has a trunk.)

2)主謂關系:

Dr Smith's answer (相當於Dr Smith answered---)

the claim of the buyers (相當於The buyers claimed---)

3)動賓關系:

the boy's punishment (相當於--- punished the boy.)

the occupation of the Island (相當於--- occupied the island.)

4)事物的來源:

the girl's story (相當於a story told by the girl)

the laws of Newton (相當於the laws advanced by Newton)

5)事物的類別:

a doctor's degree (相當於a doctoral degree)

women's magazines (相當於magazines for women)

6)同位關系:

the city of New York (相當於New York is a city.)

the pleasure of meeting you (相當於Meeting you is a pleasure.)

7)其它:

10 days' absence/ an absence of 10 days

(相當於The absence lasted 10 days.)

parts of the problem

(相當於The problem is divisible into parts.)

b. -'s屬格的使用:

1)主要用於表示有生命的名詞,如women's clothes, the horse's

mouth等。

2)用於國家機關、社團及壹些地理名稱,如the government's

plan, Europe's future等。

3)用於交通工具等,如the ship's bell, the car's engine 等。

4)用於表示時間、距離、價值和重量的名詞,如a moment's

thought, seven hours' walk, six dollars' worth, two tons' weight

等。

5)常用於壹些習慣用語中,如in my mind's eye, in life's

struggle等。

c. of-屬格的使用:

主要用於表示無生命的名詞,如the events of the decade, the

door of the hut等。

d. -'s屬格的省略:

-'s屬格後的名詞有以下情況可以省略:

1)被修飾名詞在句中已出現過,例如:

His car is faster than his father's (car).

2)被修飾名詞表示某人的家,例如:

The doctor's (house) is on the other side of the street.

3)被修飾名詞表示教堂、學校等公***建築物,例如:

Joe lives near St. Paul's (Cathedral) in London.

4)被修飾名詞表示某家店鋪,例如:

Pickled vegetables are available at the grocer's.

1.4.2 雙重屬格(Double genitive)

兼有兩種屬格結構的後置修飾語叫做雙重屬格。

a. 雙重屬格用來表示的所有關系是人,不是物。例如:

a/ any friend of mine (=one/ any of my friends)

some daughters of Mrs Green's

(=some of Mrs Green's daughters)

two novels of Dickens' (=two of Dickens' novels)

上面的例子說明,雙重屬格可用a, any, some 及數詞等修飾of

短語前面的名詞,但不能用the,如不能說" the daughters of

Mrs Green's"。

b. 雙重屬格還常用this,that,these 和those 修飾of短語前面的名詞, 以表示愛憎褒貶等情感。例如:

this idea of yours

that remark of David's

these shoes of my sister's

those dirty hands of Peter's