簡介four great inventions of china（中英對照）
四大發明是指中國古代對世界具有很大影響的四種發明。即造紙術、指南針、火藥、活字印刷術。
Compass
Compass is used to determine position of a simple instrument. Formerly known as Sinan. The main components are mounted on a shaft can freely rotate the needle (commonly known as magnet). Needle on the ground magnetic field can be maintained at the tangent magnetic radial direction. Needle points to the geographical North Pole South Pole, take advantage of this performance can be a sense of direction. Commonly used in navigation, geodesy, travel and military and so on.
指南針
指南針是用以判別方位的壹種簡單儀器。前身是司南。主要組成部分是壹根裝在軸上可以自由轉動的磁針(俗稱吸鐵石)。磁針在地磁場作用下能保持在磁子午線的切線方向上。磁針的北極指向地理的南極，利用這壹性能可以辨別方向。常用於航海、大地測量、旅行及軍事等方面。
Compass invented the ancient Chinese practice of long-term understanding of the results of magnetic objects. Ancient Chinese people into contact with magnetite, as he began to understand the nature of magnetism. It cited the first to discover the magnetic properties of iron. Then they discovered that the directivity of the magnet. After many experiments and studies, and finally invented the compass can be useful.
指南針的發明是中國古人在長期的實踐中對物體磁性認識的結果。古代中國人接觸了磁鐵礦，開始了對磁性質的了解。人們首先發現了磁石引鐵的性質。後來又發現了磁石的指向性。經過多方的實驗和研究，終於發明了可以實用的指南針。
The Earth is also a big magnet, and its two very near the geographic South Pole, respectively, and the geographical North Pole areas. Therefore, the Earth's surface magnets, free to rotate, they will repel the same sex due to magnet, opposites attract nature of the north-south direction. This principle is not enough to understand the ancients, but such phenomena they are very clear.
地球也是壹個大磁體，它的兩個極分別在接近地理南極和地理北極的地方。因此地球表面的磁體，可以自由轉動時，就會因磁體同性相斥，異性相吸的性質指示南北。這個道理古人不夠明白，但這類現象他們很清楚。
The device on the needle method, Shen Kuo describes four methods:
1. Water float - will be on a magnetic needle floating on the water surface wear Jigen rush, they can indicate direction.
2. Bowl lip and spin titration - will be sized needle resting on the edge of the needle can rotate to indicate the direction.
3. Fingernail spin titration - the needle resting on the top fingernails nail face as smooth, magnetic needle can rotate freely, indicating the direction.
4. Aquaticum hanging method - some painted in the central needle wax, a sticky silk, hung in places where there is no wind, you can direct the direction.
關於磁針的裝置方法，沈括介紹了四種方法：
1.水浮法——將磁針上穿幾根燈心草浮在水面，就可以指示方向。
2.碗唇旋定法——將磁針擱在碗口邊緣，磁針可以旋轉，指示方向。
3.指甲旋定法——把磁針擱在手指甲上面由於指甲面光滑，磁針可以旋轉自如，指示方向。
4.縷懸法——在磁針中部塗壹些蠟，粘壹根蠶絲，掛在沒有風的地方，就可以指示方向了。
Gunpowder
With saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal made from these three kinds of material mixed, but when people have these three kinds of things as the treatment of drug, so the name "gunpowder", meaning "fire medicine."
火藥
用硝石、硫黃和木碳這三種物質混和制成的，而當時人們都把這三種東西作為治病的藥物，所以取名“火藥”，意思是“著火的藥”。
Since the Qin and Han dynasties, alchemy home sulfur, saltpeter and other items make pills of immortality, from the accidental explosion of the phenomenon of inspiration, and then after repeated practice, and found the powder formula. Wei during the Three Kingdoms state-owned smart technician Ma Jun, the method of gunpowder wrapped in paper made the entertainment of "explosive battle", created a powder application of precedent.
自秦漢以後，煉丹家用硫黃、硝石等物煉丹，從偶然發生爆炸的現象中得到啟示，再經過多次實踐，找到了火藥的配方。三國時魏國有個聰明的技師馬鈞，用紙包火藥的方法做出了娛樂用的“爆仗”，開創了火藥應用的先河。
Tang Dynasty, gunpowder began to be applied to the military. People use riprap stone projectile machines, fire kits lit after the projectile out, burn the enemy, this is the most primitive artillery. Later, people will head spherical powder dressing in the shaft near the point of the lead after the shot with bows and arrows to gunpowder to burn the enemy. There is also the gunpowder, poison, coupled with some bitumen, tung oil and so on, stir together with poisoning caused the ball, lit after injection with bows and arrows, anti-enemy was a "million people in the enemy." By the Song dynasty, people will be in the bamboo tube filled with gunpowder, the gunpowder behind the bar there is a small "directional stick", lit on fire tube Huoxiao,
Caused by the rapid combustion of gunpowder inside the barrel, resulting in forward thrust, so that flying bombing enemy positions, it is the world's first gunpowder rockets. And later the invention of firearms and guns, which are made of raw bamboo-tube tubular firearm which was the ancestor of modern guns.
唐朝末年，火藥開始應用到軍事上。人們利用拋射石頭的拋石機，把火藥包點著以後，拋射出去，燒傷敵人，這是最原始的火炮。後來人們將球狀火藥包紮在箭桿頭附近，點著引線以後，用弓箭將火藥射出去燒傷敵人。還有把火藥、毒藥，再加上壹些瀝清、桐油等，搗在壹起做成毒球，點著以後，用弓箭射出，殺傷敵人是後來的“萬人敵”。到了宋朝，人們將火藥裝填在竹筒裏，火藥背後紮有細小的“定向棒”，點燃火管上的火硝，引起筒裏的火藥迅速燃燒，產生向前的推力，使之飛向敵陣爆炸，這是世界上第壹種火藥火箭。以後又發明了火槍和槍，這些都是用竹管制成的原始管形火器，是近代槍炮的老祖宗。
Papermaking
Paper-making technology, the invention of the Chinese nation to world civilization, one of the outstanding contributions.
About 3,500 years ago in the Shang Dynasty, China will have a carved turtle shell and animal bones in the text, called the Oracle. To the Spring and Autumn, when, with bamboo and wood turtle shell and animal bones alternative, known as bamboo and wood slips. Oracle Bones and Jane Du is very heavy, Warring States thinkers Huishi out lecture, with the Letters on the installed five cars, so there are learning-rich story of five cars. The Western Han Dynasty at the court aristocracy, he also used fine silk, or a tissue-paper writing. Thick waterproof silk is fine silk, silk is the general term for minor official party silk writing on fine silk, the ease of writing, not only write more than simple slips, but also in the above painting, but it is expensive, can only be used for a small number of aristocratic palace.
2nd century BC, the early Western Han Dynasty have been made of paper. Is the Eastern Han period, the rumor was invented by Cai Lun. However, archaeologists have found the earlier paper.
造紙術
造紙技術的發明，是中華民族對世界文明的傑出貢獻之壹。
大約在3500多年前的商朝，我國就有了刻在龜甲和獸骨上的文字，稱為甲骨文。到了春秋時，用竹片和木片替代龜甲和獸骨，稱為竹簡和木牘。甲骨和簡牘都很笨重，戰國時思想家惠施外出講學，帶的書簡就裝了五車，所以有學富五車的典故。西漢時在宮廷貴族中又用縑帛或綿紙寫字。縑是細絹、帛是絲織品的總稱吏壹方縑帛上寫字時，便於書寫，不但比簡牘寫得多，而且還可以在上面作畫，但是價格昂貴，只能供少數王宮貴族使用。公元前2世紀西漢初期已經有了紙。是東漢時期，傳言是蔡倫發明。但是考古專家已找到更早的紙。
Inventor
Yuan-Xing Han Teijin first year (AD 105), Cai Lun in the manufacture of silk crystal summing up the experience of their predecessors, based on the invention of using bark, broken fishing nets, rag, hemp as a first-class raw materials, manufacturing has become suitable for writing The plant fiber paper, only to make paper become widely used writing material. Known as the "Caihou paper." On paper the concept of a common understanding. What kind of articles called "paper." In ancient times, Egypt has a paper toilet paper, parchment Europe, China's history of silk with cotton wadding paper and fine silk used for writing paper and Caihou paper,
Only plant fiber manufacturing Caihou paper on the world paper industry development and the spread of human culture has far-reaching implications, the basic process still in use. According to historical records and future generations to study the basic points of papermaking Cai Lun sum up is to use plant fiber as raw material, through the cut, macerate cooking, rinsing, Chung pound, curtain copy, drying and other steps made of fabric laminates. Without going through the basic steps to deal with the fiber paper sheet, do not have the basic properties of paper, you can not call it the concept of China's ancient tradition of paper.
發明人
東漢和帝元興元年(公元105年)，蔡倫在總結前人制造絲織晶的經驗的基礎上，發明了用樹皮、破漁網、破布、麻頭等作為原料，制造成了適合書寫的植物纖維紙，才使紙成為人們普遍使用的書寫材料。被稱為“蔡侯紙”。對紙的概念有個統壹認識。什麽樣的物品叫“紙”。在古代，埃及有紙草紙，歐洲有羊皮紙，我國歷史上有絲絮紙和作書寫用的縑帛紙和蔡侯紙，其中只有植物纖維制造的蔡侯紙對世界造紙業的發展及人類文化的傳播具有深遠影響，其基本工藝壹直沿用至今。根據史書記載和後人研究，蔡倫造紙術的基本點，歸納起來就是用植物纖維為原料，經過切斷，漚煮、漂洗、舂搗、簾抄、幹燥等步驟制成的纖維薄片。沒有經過造紙基本步驟處理的纖維薄片，不具備紙的基本性能，就不能稱之為我國古代傳統概念上的紙。
Invention of papermaking is improving, rather than the inventor of paper. If this is the statement in the article is contradictory. The world's first paper is an Egyptian papyrus, and the European Middle Ages are commonly used in parchment, these two papers because the materials a single, limited room for improvement was the use of the plural types of materials, replaced by Chinese paper.
蔡倫只是改進造紙術，而不是紙的發明人。如果是這樣的說法，在文章中是矛盾的。世界上最早的紙是埃及的紙莎草紙，而歐洲中世紀則普遍使用羊皮紙，這兩種紙因為原料單壹，改進余地有限，被使用復數種類材料的中國紙所取代。
Movable-type printing technique
It began in the Sui Dynasty of block printing by Bi Sheng Song Renzong when the development of improved, resulting in movable type printing by the Mongols spread to Europe, so called after the completion of the printing press was promoted to the ancestor. China's printing is a precursor of modern civilization of mankind, for the wide dissemination of knowledge exchange and create the conditions.
活字印刷術
它開始於隋朝的雕版印刷，經宋仁宗時的畢升發展、完善，產生了活字印刷，並由蒙古人傳至了歐洲，所以後人稱畢升為印刷術的始祖。中國的印刷術是人類近代文明的先導，為知識的廣泛傳播、交流創造了條件。
Woodblock printing is a knife in a wooden block carved into the bulge to the anti-write, and then the ink, printed on paper. Every kind of book printing, wood carving had to scratch, the speed is very slow. If the engraved version of things go wrong, but also re-engraved, the labors of hard work, is understandable.
雕版印刷是用刀在壹塊塊木板上雕刻成凸出來的反寫字，然後再上墨，印到紙上。每印壹種新書，木板就得從頭雕起，速度很慢。如果刻版出了差錯，又要重新刻起，勞作之辛苦，可想而知。
Song lettering workers Bi Sheng in the year between 1004 to 1048, with fine quality and with a sticky clay, made a four-square long cylinder, inscribed in the above anti-written words on a word India, on the kiln where hard with the fire to form a movable type. Then the article content, the characters line up in accordance with the order placed in a box made of an iron plate, and then pressed flat on the fire heat, they can printed. Removed after the end of the movable type printing, the next can be reused. This improvement is called after the printing plate printing live.
北宋刻字工人畢升在公元1004年至1048年間，用細質且帶有粘性的膠泥，做成壹個個四方形的長柱體，在上面刻上反寫的單字，壹個字壹個印，放在土窯裏用火燒硬，形成活字。然後按文章內容，將字依順序排好，放在壹個個鐵框上做成印版，再在火上加熱壓平，就可以印刷了。印刷結束後把活字取下，下次還可再用。這種改進之後的印刷術叫做活板印刷術。
Such printing methods may look primitive simple, yet with modern typeface typography the same way, so that the printing press into a new era.
這種印刷方法雖然原始簡單，卻與現代鉛字排印原理相同，使印刷術進入了壹個新時代。
Four great inventions in human history, science and culture left a brilliant page. These great inventions which have affected, and the benefit of the whole world to promote the progress of human history
四大發明，在人類科學文化史上留下了燦爛的壹頁。這些偉大的發明曾經影響並造福於全世界，推動了人類歷史的前進