ashdown

指人的限定性關系從句 A主格用who或that，通常用who：The man who robbed you has been arrested．搶劫妳的那個人已經被逮捕了。The girls who serve in the shop are the owner’s daughters．在店裏接待顧客的那幾個女孩都是店老板的女兒。Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in．只有那些預先訂票的人可以進去。但是在all，everyone，everybody，no one，nobody和those後面，也可用that替代who：Everyone who／that knew him liked him． 認得他的人都喜歡他。Nobody who／that watched the match will ever forget it．看了這場比賽的人都不會忘記它。B動詞的賓語用whom，who或that。指人的關系代詞的賓格形式是whom，但這被認為是十分正規的說法。在口語中經常使用who和that來代替whom（that 比who更常用）；更加普遍的是索性把賓格關系代詞省略：The man whom I saw told me to come back today．我見到的那個人叫我今天返回。The girls whom he employs are always complaining about their pay．他雇用的那些女孩子們老是抱怨薪水太低。C介詞的賓語用whom或that。在正規的英語中介詞通常位於關系代詞之前，這時關系代詞必須使用whom這壹形式：the man to whom I spoke我跟說話的那個人The friend with whom I was travelling spoke French．和我壹起旅行的那個朋友講法語。D所有格關系代詞的所有格只有whose這壹種形式：People whose rents have been raised can appeal． 那些被增加了租金的人可以上訴。 指物的限定性關系從句 A主語用which或that，而which較正式：This is the picture which／that cansed such a sensation． 這就是那部轟動壹時的電影。The stairs which／that lead to the cellar are rather slippery．通向地窖的樓梯相當滑。（另參見下面B。）</FONT>B動詞的賓語用which，that或幹脆省略關系代詞：The car which／that I hired broke down．或：我租用的那輛小汽車拋錨了。The car I hired…壹般在all，everything，little，much，none，no，由no構成的復合詞及形容詞的最高級形式之後很少使用which，而常用that。如果這個關系代詞是動詞的賓語時也可省略：All the apples that fall are eaten by the pigs．掉在地上的蘋果都讓豬吃了。This is the best hotel（that） I know．這是我所知道的最好的飯店。C介詞的賓語規範的結構是介詞+which，但通常都把介詞移到從句的末尾，用關系代詞which，that或幹脆省去關系代詞：The ladder on which I was standing began to slip．我腳下的梯子開始向下滑動。或：The ladder which／that I was standing on began to slip．The ladder I was standing on began to slip．D所有格可以用whose+從句這種結構，但通常是用with+短語這種結構來代替它：a house whose walls were made of glass用玻璃做墻的房子a house with glass walls（譯文同上）E關系副詞用when，where，why。註意：when可以代替用於指時間的in／on which： the year when（＝in which）he was born他出生的那壹年the day when（=on which）they arrived他們到達的那壹天where可以代替用於指地點的in／at which：the hotel／where（=in／at which） they were staying他們當時住的旅店why可代替for which：The reason why he refused is…他拒絕的理由是……when，where和why有這種用法時叫做關系副詞。 指物的非限定性關系從句 A 主格用which，這裏不用that：That block，Which cost￡5 million to build，has been empty fof years．那個街區，就是花費了500萬英鎊建起來的那個，已經空置了多年了。The 8∶15 train，which is usually very punctual，was late today．8點15分的列車通常是正點的，今天晚點了。口語中往往可能這麽說：That block cost￡5 million to build and has been empty for years．那個街區花費了500萬英鎊建成，已經空置了多年了。This 8∶15 train is usually punctual，but It was late today．8點15分的列車通常總是正點的，但是今天晚點了。B 賓格用which，這裏不用that，而且which決不能省略：She gave me this jumper，which she had knitted herself．她送給我這件羊毛衫，這是她親手織的。或：She gave me this jumper；she had knitted it herself．These books，which you can get at any bookshop，will give you all the in- formation you need．這幾本書，妳可以在任何書店買到的，會向妳提供妳所需要的壹切資料。或：These books will give you all the information you need．You can get them at any bookshop．C 介詞的賓語介詞位於which之前或者位於從句之後，但不那麽正式：Ashdown Forest，through which we’ll be driving，isn’t a forest any longer．阿斯頓森林，我們即將驅車通過，已經不再是森林了。或：Ashdown Forest，which we’ll be driving through，isn’t a forest any longer．His house，for which he paid￡10，000，is now worth￡50，000．他花了壹萬英鎊買的房子，現在值五萬英鎊。或：His house，which he paid￡10，000 for，is now…D 與短語動詞連用的which像下面的短語動詞look after，look forward to，put up with（參見第三十八章）都應被看做壹個整體，即介詞/副詞不應與動詞分開：This machine，which I have looked after for twenty years，is still working perfectly．這臺機器我已經照管了20年，現在仍然沒壹點兒毛病。Your inefficiency，which we have put up with far too long，is beginning to annoy our customers．我們對妳的不稱職容忍得太久，而顧客也開始對此感到不滿意了。E 所有格用whose或of which。whose壹般用來指動物和事物，of which可以用來指物，但是除在很正式的英語中之外，比較罕見。His house，whose windows were all broken，was a depressing sight．他的房子窗戶無壹完好，壹派令人心酸的景象。The car，whose handbrake wasn’t very reliable，began to slide backwards．那輛車的手閘不太可靠，車開始向後滑動。